For a fluid at rest, the pressure at a given point is the same in all directions. We will study the supposed relationship between the amount of fluid displaced by an object and the amount of force that the displaced fluid. Use the data you collected during the experiment to record the quantities in the table below. Put another way, density is the ratio between mass and volume or mass per unit volume.
Experiment 1 looks at two fluid properties, density and viscosity. Density is a key concept in analyzing how materials interact in fluid mechanics, weather, geology, material sciences, engineering, and other fields of physics. For example, a solid body moving through a gas has to overcome a certain resistance which depends on. Density is the ratio of a substances mass to its own volume. Density of inorganic chlorides in water is plotted as function of wt%, molkg water and moll solution. After thorough mixing, the oil will come to the top, and the rest of the watersoluble liquids will form a single layer below the oil. Experiment no 2 density and specific weight estimation for the liquids and solid materials. Viscosity 1viscosity is the tendency of the fluid to resist motion. Relative density specific gravity the relative density of any fluid is defined as the ratio of the density of that fluid to the density of the standard fluid. Investigation of mud density and weighting materials effect on drilling fluid filter cake properties and formation damage article pdf available in journal of african earth sciences 117. It is a measure of how much stuff an object has in a unit volume cubic meter or cubic centimeter.
The densities of brass and aluminum will be calculated from mass and volume measurements. For a fluid in motion, the volume flow rate gives the volume of fluid that passes a cross section. A common standard is the maximum density of water to atmospheric pressure, which corresponds to a temperature of 4. The standard metric units in use for mass and volume respectively are grams and milliters or. When two liquids of different densities are mixed, the liquid that is less dense, in this case the oil, floats above the other liquid. In this lab, you will be placing objects of known density into glycerin. Using the graph below, draw an approximate line indicating the density of the rock pumice which has a density of 0. Laboratory experiments experiment no 2 density and.
As a result of the distinct difference between the mean matrix density range about 2. From table 1 the only wood with that density is oak. A hydrometer is a tube of constant mass that has been calibrated to measure density by floating the hydrometer in liquids of known densities and recording on a. In fluids, gases and liquids, we speak of pressure. A measurement is a quantitative observation that has both a numerical value and a unit. Learn more about pressure, buoyant force, and flowing fluid so you can appreciate the sometimes invisible, but crucial, effect they have on us and the world around us. Noting that the wedge is a right triangle, we have x l cos uand z l sin u.
Handbooks commonly quote viscosity in centipoise 1 cp 0. Lab report 11, archimedes principle, physics lab 1. F 1 f 2 f 3 4 the viscosity can, therefore, be determined by measuring the rate of fall v. Calculate the density by measuring the mass and volume. Guide overview students are asked to find the mass of 100 cm3 each of three given liquids. Density is defined as the amount of mass of a substance contained per unit volume. Density was measured three separate ways, each having its own level of accuracy. Substituting these geometric relations and dividing eq. This means that the value of density is independent of the quantity of matter present. Lab report for density experiment experiment 1 studocu.
Pdf investigation of mud density and weighting materials. Likewise, if the mass decreases but the volume stays the same, the density has to go down. This experiment is designed as an exercise to refine your skills in weighing, measuring a volume of liquid using a graduated cylinder, beaker and volumetric flask. Density is a measure of the compactness of matter within a substance and is defined by the equation.
This lab makes use of rotational equilibrium and buoyant forces to determine the density of an unknown fluid. Pour the most dense highest sugar content drink into a glass. Skyline college chemistry 210 laboratory manual august 20 revision. Using a 100 ml graduated cylinder, obtain roughly 20 to 30 ml volume of an irregular solid sample. In this lab investigation, we are mainly concerned with determining the density of solid objects. Layering liquids teachers guide a hudson river plume. For gases we take air or o 2 as a standard fluid with density. Essentially it is a measure of the frictional force. Experiment 1 lab report determining the densities of liquids and solids objective.
Lab 1 density determinations and various methods to measure volume goal and overview this lab provides an introduction to the concept and applications of density measurements. Calculate the density of your sample and record this value in the data table. On the cylinder to the right, label the longer lines in increments of 5ml. Laboratory experiments experiment no 2 density and specific. Viscosity and density of reference fluid a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of science in physics by masaed moti almotari university of canterbury 2006.
Slowly pour the liquid with the next greatest density into the glass. The density of the drilling fluid must be controlled to provide adequate hydrostatic head to prevent influx of formation fluids, but not so high as to cause loss of circulation or adversely affect the drilling rate and damaging the formation. The density of a substance, in general, depends on temperature and pressure. Therefore to determine of a liquid it is necessary to determine the mass of a known volume of liquid. This is obvious, since, by definition, mentally different, are nevertheless determined 1 milliliter of water at 40 c weighs 1 gram. In the absence of experimentally measured properties, it is necessary for the petroleum engineer to determine the properties from empirically derived correlations. A liquid will float if it is less dense than the liquid it is placed in. The density of a liquid determines whether it will float on or sink in another liquid. Laboratory solutions from mettler toledo 15,242 views 2. In the mks system the unit of viscosity is nsm2 whereas in the cgs system the unit of viscosity is the poise 1 poise 1dyneseccm2. Here are the densities of the liquids used in the column, as well as other common liquids. This lab emphasizes analytic measurements, experimental technique, and problem solving, in determining measurements. Measurement of the viscosity of a fluid using a sphere viscometer. The dimensions of viscosity are force per unit area divided by velocity gradient as in eq.
Density of liquids lab and rubric mass, float, sink. Lesson 2 the nitty gritty of density by teresa kennedy. Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume. Sevenlayer density column experiments steve spangler science. The aim of this experiment the objective of this exp. Determine and record the mass of your sample be sure its dry.
You may want to color each of the liquids to make a more dramatic effect. Fluids lab 1 report lab 1 report density and specific. Clear graduated cylinder o small cups size of a medicine cup food coloring chart of known densities. The units of density are commonly expressed as gcm 3 for solids, gml for liquids, and gl for gases. These are due for wednesdays class before the viscosity races lab. Composition and properties of drilling and completion fluids. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume.
For example, the density of a gold coin and a gold statue are the same, even though the gold statue. Demonstrate an understanding of density by calculating the density of five liquids. The objective of experiment 1 was to find the density of an unknown liquid and an unknown solid. Density is the mass per unit volume of a a fluid is a state of matter that yields to sideways or shearing forces. Answer the questions 1,2,3,4,5 at the bottom of the chapter on page 189. To determine the density of a known liquid water to identify an unknown liquid by determining its density to determine the density of a regular solid and an irregular solid to distinguish between accuracy and precision materials needed. If the object is floating with no other forces acting, then. Sevenlayer density column experiments steve spangler. The density more precisely, the volumetric mass density. Specific gravity a concept related to density is the specific gravity or, even more appropriate, relative density of a material, which is the ratio of the materials density to the. Calculate the density and specific weight of each object using the following mathematical formula. Now that we know to think of fluids as being continuous, well define certain properties that exist in the real world. Dynamic viscosity, also absolute viscosity, the more usual one typical units pas, poise, p. The density of liquids and solids depends more strongly on temperature than it does on pressure.
You will break up into teams of two to perform this experiment. Theory the density of the drilling fluid must be controlled to provide adequate hydrostatic head to prevent influx of formation fluids, but not so high as to cause loss of circulation or adversely affect the drilling rate and damaging the formation. Measure the mass and volume by measurement of each regularshaped object. To learn the concept of fluid density and observe how, because of differences in densities, fluids can separate and not mix. It must be taken into account that the density of a liquid is practically constant, since the volume occupied by a given mass of a liquid is almost invariable.
The students are then asked to determine the density of the liquids using the recorded mass and volume. The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate the principles of poiseuilles law and stokes law, to directly measure the viscosity and density of selected liquids, as well as to show how temperature affects the viscosity of fluids. View notes fluids lab 1 report from civil engi 12103 at carnegie mellon university. May 10, 2020 a fluid is a state of matter that yields to sideways or shearing forces. How well a measurement is taken determines both its precision and its accuracy. The cm3 volume unit used with solids is numerically equal to ml volume unit used with liquids. In this experiment, you took measurements for three volumes of water. Every liquid has a density number associated with it. Then create a density column where the least dense liquid is on top and the most dense liquid is on the bottom.
Atmospheric pressure is like an invisible friend who is always squeezing you with a big hug. Sometimes the density of a substance is given relative to the. Students will observe three household liquids stacked on. Theory density is a physical property shared by all forms of matter solids, liquids, and gases. Fluid mechanicsfluid properties wikibooks, open books for. For liquids we take water as a standard fluid with density. A materials density is defined as its mass per unit volume. Much of what is done in the chemistry laboratory involves taking measurements.
Peffer density data may be used for obtaining relationships between density, chemical composition, thermal and mechanical treatments of materials, etc. With a scale to measure mass, a graduated cylinder to measure volume, and a large beaker of liquid to observe flotation, the relationship between mass, volume, density, and flotation can be investigated. During the post lab assignment, you will calculate the density of your unknown. The specific gravity of a gas is the ratio of its density to that of either hy drogen or. Lab 1 density determinations and various methods to. Based on this equation, if the weight or mass of something increases but the volume stays the same, the density has to go up. Density of aqueous solutions of inorganic chlorides changes in density of aqueous solutions with changes in concentration at 20c. The density of the liquid in the beaker can be adjusted, and a variety of objects can be studied during the investigation. A liquid will sink if it is more dense than the liquid it is placed in. Compare your calculated density to those listed in table 1 to identify your unknown.
When reporting results of specific gravity, it is specific gravity 60 60f. Considered the bible of the industry, composition and properties of drilling and completion fluids, first written by walter rogers in 1948, and updated on a regular basis thereafter, is a key tool to achieving successful delivery of the wellbore. This circular defines density and specific gravity, describes 11 methods hydrostatic weighing, picnometer, flotation. Density of solids and liquids by peter hidnert and elmer l. To determine the densities of water, an unknown liquid, a rubber stopper, and. The density of any substance is a ratio and may be calculated by dividing the mass of the sample by its volume. Determine the density of an object with an irregular shape. If a fluid is incompressible as liquids often are, effectively then even if its density is not uniform everywhere e. Density is a standard physical property of a liquid or solid. The objectives of this laboratory are to measure the density of.
You will determine the mass and the volume of given materials to find their density density massvolume. These fluid properties are usually determined by laboratory experiments performed on samples of actual reservoir fluids. From newtons second law, a force balance in the x and z directions gives 33a 33b where ris the density and w mg rg x z2 is the weight of the fluid element. In this lab investigation, we are mainly concerned with determining the density of solid. Measure 8 ounces of each type of liquid into the 9 ounce portion cups.
Viscosity is a tensorial quantity that can be decomposed in different ways into two independent components. Density is essentially a measurement of how tightly matter is crammed together. Laboratory experiments experiment no 2 density and specific weight estimation for the liquids and solid materials. Kinematic viscosity is the dynamic viscosity divided by the density typical units m2s, stokes, st. Density the density or mass density of a fluid may be defined as the mass per unit volume at a standard temperature and pressure. Lesson 2 the nitty gritty of density by teresa kennedy page 1416 density station data sheet page 17 liquid layers lab sheet page 18 lesson 3 wet goes up, must come down by cory patterson page 1921 wet goes up must come down lab data sheet page 22 lesson 4 density is in the air by tiffany, teresa and cory page 2326. The density of a subject is expressed as a ratio of the mass to volume in the following.
It can be expressed as mass density, relative density, specific weight or specific volume. Viscosity 5 viscosity coefficients viscosity coefficients can be defined in two ways. Phy pack 9 density of liquids 3 produced by the physics group university of cape coast as part of a delphe funded project a. Drilling fluids manual proprietary for the exclusive use of amoco production company and other wholly owned subsidiaries of amoco corporation. Now that weve established the densities of the liquids, we can layer even more liquids.
Determine the density of a gas a gas can be compressed so the density of a gas can change. Layering liquids density experiment inspiration laboratories. Differences or gradients in pressure drive a fluid flow, especially in ducts and pipes. Lab conclusion this should be written like you are turning. It is interesting to pour less dense liquids first and watch the denser liquids pass through them and layer by density. Density converter online density converter with commonly used units. For a differential volume element of mass dm and volume dv, density can be expressed as r dmdv. The concept of viscosity is wellknown in everyday experience, liquids with low viscosity such as water are said to be thin, on the other hand. Density has the units of mass divided by volume such as grams per centimeters cube gcm3 or kilograms per liter kgl. Fluids, density, and pressure part 1 physics libretexts. Remember to pay attention to significant figures and record all masses and volumes with all the decimals provided by the lab. I calculated the density of each by taking the mass and dividing it by the volume. Color the cylinder to show how the liquids would appear if 10 ml of each of the water, glycerin, and ethanol were poured into one cylinder. Keep in mind the density of the liquids as well as volume of the liquids.
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